Look-alike – Santa Claus
Program Titles
- Becoming Santa Claus
Charles R. Christie: Santa Claus hasn’t always looked like the jolly old fellow we know today. Like so many other American traditions, he’s a product of the great American melting pot – a blend of many different cultures and customs. His earliest ancestors date back to pre-Christian days, when sky-riding gods ruled the earth. The mythological characters Odin, Thor, and Saturn gave us the basis for many of Santa’s distinctive characteristics.
But the most influential figure in the shaping of today’s generous and loving Santa Claus was a real man. St. Nicholas of Myra (now Turkey), a fourth-century bishop. As a champion of children and the needy, he was legendary for his kindness and generosity.
In a well-known story illustrating St, Nicholas’ benevolence, we find two of the basic principles of the holiday spirit – giving to others and helping the less fortunate – as well as the tradition of hanging stockings by the fireplace.
According to this legend, three Italian maidens had families that had fallen on hard times. Because their father could not afford the dowries necessary for them to marry, he was considering selling one of his daughters into slavery to get dowries for the other two. When the good saint heard of the family’s plight, he went to their home late one night and anonymously tossed three bags of gold down the chimney. Miraculously, a bag fell into each sister’s stocking, which was hanging by the fire to dry. His kindhearted gift made it possible for all three sisters to marry.
A variation of this story is that, as each girl was ready to wed, St. Nicholas came in the middle of the night, when no one could see him, and tossed a bag of gold through an open window into her stocking. The idea of gifts being delivered through an open window may have begun as a way to explain how Santa enters homes that have no chimney.
Because of his wisdom and sensitivity, many groups claimed St. Nicholas as their patron saint. Children, orphans, sailors, and even thieves often prayed to the compassionate saint for guidance and protection. Entire countries, including Russia and Greece, also adopted him as their patron saint, as well as students and pawnbrokers.
Throughout his life, St. Nicholas tried to help others while inspiring them to imitate his virtues. Legends of his unselfish giving spread all over Northern Europe, and accounts of his heroic deeds blended with regional folklore. Eventually, the image of the stately saint was transformed onto an almost mystical being, one known for rewarding the good and punishing the bad.
His death on December 6th was commemorated with an annual feast that gradually came to mark the beginning of the medieval Christmas season. On St. Nicholas’ Eve, youngsters would set out food for the saint, straw for his horses, and schnapps for his attendant. The next morning, obedient children awoke to find their gifts replaced with sweets and toys, and found their offering untouched, along with a rod or a bundle of switches. St. Nicholas’ Day is still observed in many countries, and gifts are exchanged in honor of the spirit of brotherhood and charity that he embodied.
THE MAKING OF SANTA CLAUS
After the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century, the feasting and veneration of Catholic saints were banned. But people had grown accustomed to the annual visit from their gift-giving saint and didn’t want to forget the holiday’s purpose. So in some countries, the festivities of St. Nicholas’ Day were merged with Christmas celebrations, and although the gift-bearer took on new, non-religious forms, he still reflected the saint’s generous spirit.
In Germany, he appeared as Weihnachtsmann, in England as Father Christmas, and in France, as Pèrè Noël, who left small gifts in the children’s shoes.
In areas where St. Nicholas was still portrayed as the gift-bearer, a host of other characters developed as his assistants. Two of his most well-known helpers were Knecht Ruprecht and the Belsnickle. Depending on the local tradition, they were either attendants to St. Nicholas or gift-bearers themselves, but in all cases, both were fearsome characters, brandishing rods and switches. It was their duty to reward good children and reprove those who were naughty and couldn’t recite their prayers.
Knecht Ruprecht (meaning Servant Rupert) was also known by other names such as Black Peter (so called because he delivered the presents down the chimney for St. Nicholas and became blackened with soot).
In some places, the images of Knecht Ruprecht and St. Nicholas merged to form Ru Klaus (meaning Rough Nicholas – so named because of his rugged appearance), Aschen Klaus (meaning Ash Nicholas – because he carried a sack of ashes as well as a bundle of switches), and Pelznickle (meaning Furry Nicholas – referring to his fur-clad appearance).
Not all of St. Nicholas’ companions were frightening. The Christkindl (meaning Christ Child) was thought to accompany him in many countries. Often portrayed by a fair-haired young girl, this angelic figure was sometimes the gift-bearer too.
SANTA IN AMERICA
Immigrants to the New World brought along their various beliefs when they crossed the Atlantic. The Scandinavians introduced gift-giving elves, the Germans brought their Belsnickle and Christkindle and their decorated trees, and the Irish contributed to the ancient Gaelic custom of placing a lighted candle in the window.
In the 1600s, the Dutch presented Sinterklaas (meaning St. Nicholas) to the colonies. In their excitement, many English-speaking children uttered the name so quickly that Sinterklaas sounded like Santy Claus. After years of mispronunciation, the name evolved into Santa Claus.
In 1808, American author Washington Irving created a new version of the old St. Nick. This one rode over the treetops in a horse-drawn wagon, “dropping gifts down the chimneys of his favorites.” In his satire, Diedrich Knickerbocker’s History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, Irving described Santa as a jolly Dutchman who smoked a long-stemmed clay pipe and wore baggy breeches and a broad-brimmed hat. Also, the familiar phrase, “…laying his finger beside his nose…,” first appeared in Irving’s story.
That phrase reappeared in 1822 in the now-classic poem by Dr. Clement Clarke Moore, “A Visit from St. Nicholas,” more commonly known as “The Night Before Christmas.” His verse gave Santa an Arctic flavor when he substituted eight tiny reindeer and a sleigh for Irving’s horse and wagon. It is Moore’s description of Santa that we most often think of today: “He had a broad face, and a little round belly, that shook, when he laughed, like a bowl full of jelly.”
Up to this point, Santa’s physical appearance and the color of his suit were open to individual interpretation. Then, in 1863, Thomas Nast, a German immigrant, gave us a visual image of the cheerful giver that would later become widely accepted.
When Nast was asked to illustrate Moore’s charming verse for a book of children’s poems, he gave us a softer, kinder Santa who was still old but appeared less stern than the ecclesiastical St. Nicholas. He dressed his elfin figure in red and endowed him with human characteristics. Most importantly, Nast gave Santa a home at the North Pole. For twenty-three years, his annual drawings in Harper’s Weekly magazine allowed Americans to peek into the magical world of Santa Claus and set the stage for the shaping of today’s merry gentleman.
Artist Haddon Sundblom added the final touches to Santa’s modern image. Beginning in 1931, his billboard and other advertisements for Coca-Cola featured a portly, grandfatherly Santa with human proportions and a ruddy complexion. Sunblom’s exuberant, twinkle-eyed Santa firmly fixed the gift-giver’s image in the public mind.
St. Nicholas’ evolution into today’s happy, larger-than-life Santa Claus is a wonderful example of how countless beliefs and practices from around the world blend together. This benevolent figure encompasses all the goodness and innocence of childhood. And because goodness is his very essence, in every kindness we do, Santa will always be remembered.
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